Nokia Business Analysis Essay

The start of Nokia returns to the year 1865 with the foundation of a ranger service industry undertaking in South-Western Finland by mining engineer Fredrick Idestam. While in the year 1898, the Finnish Rubber Works Ltd was found, and in 1912, Finnish Cable Works started tasks. Step by step, the responsibility for two organizations and Nokia started to move into hands of only a couple of proprietors. At last, these three organizations were converged to frame Nokia Corporation in 1967. Nokia Corporation takes part in the assembling of cell phones and versatile system gear, just as in the arrangement of related arrangements and administrations. The organization has four fundamental business capacities or sections: Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions, and Networks. (Nokia, 2011) †¢Purpose to consider Nokia (informative supplement 1) Communication assumes a significant job in our life. With its huge objective market, distinctive portable media transmission organizations have been attempting to involve the business sectors by offer their most recent creative cell phones. One of the popular and effective cell phone makers on the planet is Nokia previously. Notwithstanding, showcase pioneer will be supplanted by different contenders. This can be prove by their portions of Smart telephone (reference section 2) because of the infiltration of their rival. With the development of Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy today (reference section 1), Nokia ought to have an incredible answer for guarantee its future achievement and to restore the pieces of the pie. Despite the fact that Nokia’s CEO has comprehended what their circumstance, the administration must ready to have a change that would continue Nokia’s upper hand and reflecting to customer’s top choice.

Lynx Essays (1048 words) - Lynx, Bobcat, Predators, Trapping, Kitten

Lynx With a jump and a bounce the rapid lynx pursues the dyed white bunny through the shrubberies. Poof! The bunny vanishes into the sparkly white powder. At that point the guileful lynx finds the trail of the bunny and jumps toward the little hairball. The sharp stretched hooks don't delve in, and the bunny's long thin legs jump start himself out of the gap and out of threat. The quick feline swings his hooks around to hit the quick rabbit, however he hits the snow directly under his back legs. The rabbit runs directly between two willow trees and into a limited opening which has a lot of fallen willow trees. The rabbit has gotten away from the lynx this one time, however the lynx will discover other food. The lynx is a pale earthy colored to caramel dark with dark streaks on its neck, temple, and on the back. It has a short tail, long tuffed ears, long slim legs, wide feet for control in the day off, long delicate hide. The lynx will develop to be 30 to 40 inches in length, furthermore, 24 to 28 inches high from feet to shoulders. They typically weight 15 to 45 pounds. At the point when you see the lynx, from the outset sight, it looks withered and lean, however it is truly quick and solid. The back legs are longer than the fore legs for better jumping capacity. From the front the lynx looks imperial with its hair on its face coming out to two focuses (Myers 136). The lynx is firmly identified with the catamount, which populates the north American district. The catamount doesn't have enormous cushy paws, or isn't as large as the lynx in relative size. They have two diverse food assortments. The lynx eats bunnies ,and furthermore may go after little deer, dall sheep, grouse, mice. Once in a while they feed on fish. Then again catamounts feed on grouse , fish, and other little rodents. Lynx pursue and still chase their prey. They pursue bunnies or they keep awake on precipices and branches, and holding up to jump on the creature as it passes by. The lynx ranges from Alaska, as far as possible across Canada. The lynx are typically found in peak woodlands and thick undercovers. They are normally discovered where rabbits are inexhaustible. In the event that there are no rabbits in the region, they travel out into the tundra to discover food. Lynx breed during March and April. The development time frame is 60 days in length ( Myers 135) . They will have from 1-4 cats every year. They for the most part have lairs, where they keep their cats, in empty trees or under a heap of brush. The little cats remain with the female until well into the following winter. The cats don't open their eyes until 10 days after birth. They likewise just attendant for 3 to 4 months. At the point when the number of inhabitants in the rabbits are up the litters of 2 to 4 little cats have a great deal better opportunity to get by in the wild with their folks. At the point when food isn't rich the female lynx probably won't have a litter at such year or not until the rabbits have returned. Lynx for the most part are quiet, yet the guys make a shrieking commotion to discover a mate during reproducing season. The unusual thing about the lynx is the point at which it is in a snare. It doesn't make a sound. It stays there smoothly tolerating its demise. The Lynx are shrewd animals that lurk around evening time to discover their food. That is generally the motivation behind why individuals don't see the lynx out in the wild a ton. The lynx are touchy to brilliant light, in light of the fact that their eyes are made to see around evening time. Grown-up guys for the most part chase alone, not in packs like wolves.The females for the most part chase with their family if the cats are mature enough to come. The packs chase with their mom and take in aptitudes from her until they leave in the fallowing winter. The enormous feet of the lynx give it magnificent spryness in the day off. The lynx has been known to pursue down moderate awkward fox that has thin and slim feet that don't give them any influence on the day off. Catching lynx isn't especially simple. Trappers utilize the two catches and traps on the lynx. A plentiful number of rabbits implies there will be a great deal of lynx that year. In the years when lynx are plentiful, an acceptable trapper may take twelve of every a month. The fine hide of

Lets Play the Bad Credit Lender Dating Game!

Lets Play the Bad Credit Lender Dating Game! Have Bad Credit and Need a Personal Loan? Let’s Play the Bad Credit Lender Dating Game! Have Bad Credit and Need a Personal Loan? Let’s Play the Bad Credit Lender Dating Game!If youre shopping around for a bad credit loan, it can be hard to know which loan is right for you. Really, it’s a lot like online dating. For one thing, just like there are a lot of sketchy people lurking online, there are also a lot of shady lenders out there looking to get matched up with inexperienced borrowers. But even among the honest and responsible lenders, how can you know which is really right for you?Before we get to our most eligible options, here are some bad credit personal lenders that practice predatory behavior. You really can’t swipe left fast enough when you’re dealing with:Payday LendersThese lenders offer short-term, fast cash loans that only average around 14 days. That quick turnaround might sound nice but, in reality, these loans are pretty nasty. They have extremely high interest rates, with an average Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 339 percent.[1] Payday loans ar e also structured to be paid back in a single lump sum, which is difficult for many borrowers. A lot of payday borrowers end up rolling their loans over again, trapping themselves into a continuous cycle of debt. It’s a bad relationship they just can’t get out of!Title LendersTake everything we just said about payday lenders and add losing your car: That’s title loans. These are month-to-month, short-term loans with an average interest rate of 25 percent that adds up to an APR of 300 percent. Since these loans are secured by the borrower’s car title, you can usually borrow more with a title loan than you can with a payday loan. However, it also means that the lender can repossess your vehicle if you can’t pay the loan back. In fact, one out of every five title loan customers eventually has their car repossessed.[2] Imagine if you had to give someone your car in order to break up with them. That’s a person you should avoid!Okay, now that we’ve got the bad eggs out of th e way, here’s a few types of bad credit personal lenders that you can swipe right on and see where things take you:Personal Installment LendersThese lenders offer long-term installment loans, which usually have a minimum term of six months and are designed to be repaid in a series of equal, regularly scheduled payments. Their loans are also amortizing, which means that every payment you make goes towards both the principal loan amount and the interest. Dating them would be a calm, loving series of Netflix binges, home-cooked meals, and weekend antiquing. OppLoans is a personal installment lender, and our interest rates are 70 to 125 percent lower than your typical payday lender. That last part isn’t true of all installment lenders by the way. If you’re taking out an installment loan, you’ll still want to do your research.Credit UnionsThese lenders work a lot like traditional banks, only they are not-for-profit, member-owned organizations. Credit unions also have different re quirements for membership than banks do. Being eligible for membership could depend on where you work or live, or even where you go to church. Credit unions that belong to the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) offer Payday Alternative Loans. These loans have principals between $200 and $1000, terms that are one to six months long,[3] and interest rates that are capped at 28 percent.[4] That could be a great deal! However, you have to be a member for one month before you qualify for one of these loans. They’re a great date, but they’re picky.Charities and Community OrganizationsIf you have bad credit and need a small cash loan, you might be able to get one from a local charity in your area. Many of these organizations have small-dollar lending programs with reasonable rates that are aimed at combating predatory payday lending in small communities. Some even offer credit-counseling services, which can help you build a budget, practice better financial habits, and improve your credit score over time. They help you grow and make more responsible decisionsâ€"like any good partner should.We all know people sometimes need a financial partner. So skip the predators and go with a reliable, honest, financial institution that has your best interest at heart!References: Payday Loans and Deposit Advance Products. Retrieved September 6 from http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201304_cfpb_payday-dap-whitepaper.pdf. Pascual, K. 1 In 5 Auto Title Loans End In Car Repossession: CFPB Study. Retrieved September 6, 2016, from http://www.techtimes.com/articles/159308/20160518/1-in-5-auto-title-loans-end-in-car-repossession-cfpb-study.htm Payday Loan Alternatives. MyCreditUnion.Gov. Retrieved September 1, 2016, from http://www.mycreditunion.gov/what-credit-unions-can-do/Pages/payday-loan-alternatives.aspx Aho, K. Payday Loans: How They Work, What They Cost. Retrieved September 1, 2016, from https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/loans/payday-loan-alternatives-dodge-debt-trap/

Manifest Destiny, The Haitian Revolution, Louisiana...

There were a lot of divisions that was emerging in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s. Manifest destiny at the time provided a pleasant response to, or a nice covering over of what was actually happening. First of all, during the 1830 and 1840 there was increasing class division in the United States. Similarly, increasing numbers of poor people that migrated from Europe to the United States in hope of a better future, not to mention in the north there seem to be an â€Å"end of slavery. Due to the north â€Å"ending slavery† white American were now competing not only with African Americans but as well the massive immigrants that were coming to America. Manifest destiny could have not occurred in the best time were average Americans wanted†¦show more content†¦After Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon for fifteen million dollars, the United States was in the position of domination. The United States was slowly beginning to not only grow geographically but politically as well. However, there is an important question to be asked, Why would Napoleon give up so much for so little? As the Documentary, How the States Got Their Shapes â€Å"The answer: Haiti. When the slaves in Haiti overthrew France that, basically, took France out of the game in North America. Haiti is the crown jewel of the French Empire. It s where all the sugar comes from. It s where all the money comes from. The only reason you need New Orleans and all that land to the west is to provide food for Haiti.† Therefore, since Haiti no longer belonged to France, France was out of the competition. It is important to pinpoint that before the United States (the 50 states) America shared land with the Spaniard, English, and Native Americans. Thus, the Haitian Revolution gave the United States more land, and power to conquer land. Through the Haitian revolution United States was closer to be â€Å"destined to secure territory from sea to sea, from the Atlantic to the Pa cific Ocean† as the political cartoon American Progress, from John Gust illustrates. Furthermore, after the Louisiana purchases, expansion of slavery and white supremacy was frequently seen. Jefferson according to the Documentary, The Story We Tell: Race—The Power of anShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Symbolism and Setting in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson...

Symbolism and Setting in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson ?The Lottery? by Shirley Jackson is a short story that without the symbolism of its characters, would amount to little more than an odd tale about a stoning. However, because of what each character represents and the way the setting helps to magnify those representations, it becomes a short story that is anything but short of meaning. The first character is probably the most obviously symbolic character of the story. Every word that leaves Old Man Warner?s Mouth reeks of tradition. He never stops criticizing new ideas about the lottery, the way it is run, or complaining about how things have changed for the worst, etc., etc. When Mr. Adams tells him that the†¦show more content†¦While neither Mr. Graves nor Mr. Summers are tyrannical, awe inspiring, or otherwise persuasive leaders, the townspeople follow them. It is very probable that if the two of them proclaimed there would no longer be a lottery it would stop but they insist with the tradition. Unfortunately as is the case so often in reality, people follow them blindly, they are leaders in the community, they must know what they are doing right? When people fail to question their leadership, in reality, just as in ?The Lottery,? terrible things happen. The other characters symbolize more the faults of individual humans rather than those of whole societies. The Hutchinson Family is both symbolic of internal faults that all humans have, such as cowardice and indifference. Bill Hutchinson is apparently so scared of saying no to authority that he will not take the necessary steps to protect his family. As a matter of fact he aids them in the death of his wife by forcing her to show the black spot. When a man is willing not just to stand by and watch as his wife is stoned to death but actually force her into it, there is something truly wrong. However in a sense the entire town is filled with cowards. One might say, they seemed brave, all willing to go to the lottery and risk their lives for this ritual. In reality though they are cowards for not standing up and saying, ?This year my family will not be participating in theShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small New England town. The town’s people have performed the lottery for more than seventy years. Shirley Jackson gives â€Å"The Lottery† a whole different meaning . The lottery is used for a public stoning, opposing to the very first thing that approaches to a reader s mind when they think of the lottery; a big amount of money . The reader sees both literal and metaphorical mea ning of the Shirley Jackson’s short storyRead MoreShirley Jacksons The Lottery888 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolism is a powerful device in fiction and writers frequently turn to it in overt and subtle ways. Sometimes a time or place is symbolic of a state of being, just as ordinary objects may take on greater meaning because of what they represent: themselves, but also a condition, feeling, or manifestation of something of great importance to a character. It is also possible, however, for symbolism to expand in a way that actually provides the foundation of a work, and this is the case in ShirleyRead MoreAnalysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson993 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish author, When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system, a literary dogma, we become automatons. We cease to grow. Shirley Jackson was born in 1919 in San Francisco, California to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. She is most well known for her short story titled â€Å"The Lottery† which was first published in The New Yorker to overwhelming and mixed reviews. The lottery, as portrayed in the shor t story, is a religious, annual ceremony in the afternoon of June 27. This event is said to be olderRead MoreSymbolism : A Warn Path, And Shirley Jackson s `` The Lottery ``1636 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism has been used for hundreds of years it has been used to help writers express different elements of their work. Katherine Mansfield the author of â€Å"Miss Brill,† Eudora Welty author of the short story â€Å"A Warn Path,† and Shirley Jackson author of â€Å"The Lottery† all use symbolism wonderfully in their work. They all use symbolism in a different way but they all use this process to help describe a deeper thought or meaning behind elements of their work. Symbolism is putting a symbolic meaning behindRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lottery: Symbolism In her story â€Å"The Lottery†, Shirley Jackson manages to catch the readers’ attention and ultimately shock them with an unexpected ending; all of which help her emphasize her critique toward the dark side of human nature and the evil that resides, sometimes, in those who we less expect it from. Jackson uses symbolism throughout the story that helps her set the mood and also makes the readers wonder and analyze the senseless violence and cruelty in their own lives. It all startsRead MoreArgument Essay on the Lottery by Shirley Jackson with Works Cited Page1615 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is about Symbolism The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about an inhumane and horrific tradition that a community celebrates every year between 10 a.m. and noon on June 27, a sunny day, in a New England village (â€Å"Cummings Study Guide†). Not only is this story about tradition but it also hides the meaning of symbolism as well. The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred people. OnRead More Conformity in Society Exposed in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery906 Words   |  4 PagesExposed in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Lottery, a short story by the nonconformist author Shirley Jackson, represents communities, America, the world, and conformist society as a whole by using setting and most importantly symbolism with her inventive, cryptic writing style. It was written in 1948, roughly three years after the liberation of a World War II concentration camp Auschwitz. Even today, some people deny that the Holocaust ever happened. Jackson shows through the setting of theRead MoreFiction Essay - Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery1051 Words   |  5 PagesFICTION ESSAY WRITING STYLE USED: APA OUTLINE I. THESIS: A thorough analysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the characters’ arrival at dark, sinister places. II. INTRODUCTION III. SHIRLEY JACKSON’S â€Å"THE LOTTERY† A. Setting the tone: Peaceful and relaxing B. Irony: Even though the mood is relaxing, there is a premonition of something bad toRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesis to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it† (Twain). The Lottery begins during the summer. A small, seemingly normal, town is gathering to throw the annual â€Å"Lottery†. In the end, the townspeople—children included—gather around and stone the winner to death, simply because it was tradition. The story reveals how traditions can become outdated and ineffective. â€Å"I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock theRead MoreWinners Will Be Executed Short Story Analysis1085 Words   |  5 PagesWinning a lottery is a good thing, right? Someone buys a ticket, then scratches it off or waits to see if they hold the winning number in their hands. However, that is not the case in Shirley Jackson’s wor ld of â€Å"The Lottery†. In her critically acclaimed short story, a small town gathers in the village square and draws a name out of a box, and the ‘winner’ of their lottery is brutally stoned to death. All of this is done in a calm and orderly fashion, as well as without question. The lottery is a yearly

Lord of the flies research Free Essays

string(157) " and Ralph are two of the oldest on the island, and they are undoubtedly taking on the majority of responsibility for the sake of everyone’s survival\." There are certain aspects of society that are questioned, and some of which, cannot be easily rationalized or clarified completely. An example of this would be the contemplation of the human nature of mankind. The question lingers, and is often examined in attempt to determine if mankind is originally good, or evil. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the flies research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different opinions arise through a vast range of viewpoints pondering this topic. William Gilding wrote the novel, The Lord of the Flies with intention to show the corruption in society and failings of human nature as a whole. Gilding uses various literary devices to demonstrate what he viewed as the flaws of human nature. Through observance of the boys’ behavior on the island, and changes made throughout the novel, one can see that man is naturally born good with evil that is eventually portrayed as corruption in society progresses. In the novel, competition for power is heavily shown through the characters. Due to the situation the boys are faced with, it is evident that corruption in society is likely to occur as each of them attempt to survive in unity. Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasizes a widespread habit of blaming society for the evil deeds of people. He supports the idea of man initially born good with evil within because he believes that society is the real presence of the devil itself. Additionally, one can further understand through observance of characters that the boys each represented a vital part to society. As their society deteriorates, the boys also begin to lose their morals and eventually become more barbaric and ruthless. Transformations clearly occur within themselves, and the evil that was present in them all along begins to come through. The theory that man is born good with evil that is eventually portrayed as corruption in society progresses, can be verified by examining several points. They include, Rousseau outlook on the nature of man wanting to be a savage, and examination of young adults in today’s influenced society. Primarily, there have been past opinions on the topic of whether man is inherently born good or evil. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, an 18th century Geneva philosopher, believed that man was naturally born good. It was his theory that included a widespread blaming of society for the evil wrongdoings of people. Specifically, he states, â€Å"God makes all things good; man meddles with them and they become evil. † (Г?mile Introduction, 1762) In simpler terms, Rousseau is expressing his idea of man being naturally pure and innocent until the malevolent deeds of man in society corrupts him to becoming evil. Additionally, Rousseau states, â€Å"The world of ordinary human beings contains nothing beautiful†¦ It is created by society; the real presence of the devil. â€Å"(New Criterion, October, 1998) He goes as far as comparing society to the devil, which is a malevolent and a hell-like comparison. Rousseau theory greatly emphasizes that society is the preeminent blame to the evil that is present in our society. Not only are there logical reasons from famous philosophers of past centuries, but commoners criticizing today’s youth. An example includes, the difference in ways young adults present themselves today as oppose to years passed. One can agree that man has naturally good intentions and does not strive to harm others. Although this may be true, evil can be seen in the light of one’s personality and appearance. Specifically, modern reality TV shows have been accused of depraving today’s young adult population. A young author states, â€Å"Reality shows portray continuous partying, drinking, and promiscuity as the only way to have fun†¦ As young teenagers see this, they begin to make the wrong decisions and revolve their lives around idols of luxury. † She is clearly stating that because that show is presented to teens, the message that emulating the corrupted actions and appearance is what is socially acceptable to the world. Usually this change is seen as a rather negative one, regarding the fact and observing of what is socially accepted today both appearance and personality wise. This helps us analyze the fact that man is born good and is solely influenced by certain aspects of society because it is common for one to change his actions or appearance for what is currently popular and accepted. Through Rousseau theory and the young authors input, it is clear to see that man would have kept the goodness that is naturally in him if it wasn’t for the negative prospects in society. The Lord of the Flies, written by William Gilding, portrays clear examples of how man is naturally born good but turns evil due to corruption in society. Predominantly, the sys all experience chaotic situations that lead them to a change in character, some more than others. The book does not start off with these situations but instead, displays the goodness that lies within each individual. As the novel progresses, it is clear to see how certain characters undergo a transformation from good to evil resulting from their depraved society. Primarily, when the boys all meet for the first time, they all agreed that it was imperative to maintain order. Ralph first displays leadership when he says, â€Å"We’ve got to have special people for looking after the fire, NY day there may be a ship out there†¦ E ought to have more rules. † (Gilding 42) This clearly shows the goodness that lies in the boys as they are showing their want to maintain order for the best chance of survival. Not only does Ralph show signs of rationale, but Jack does also. He states, â€Å"l agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them . After all, we’re not savages. We’re English, and the English are best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things. † (Gilding 42) Jack is depicting his goodness by offering some motivation to the boys and saying that they are better Han savages and meant to do the right things as Englishmen. Also, both Jack and Ralph are two of the oldest on the island, and they are undoubtedly taking on the majority of responsibility for the sake of everyone’s survival. You read "Lord of the flies research" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" Both of them display signs of goodness because taking control and striving for unity are acts of benevolence and selflessness. There is an amount of time that passes where the boys are working together, creating more rules, and establishing a small civilization. Although this occurs, corruption within their society begins to arise. Jack and Ralph become increasingly frustrated. In the beginning of chapter 3 of the novel, Jack displays signs of annoyance during a hunting session as he let out his breath in a long sigh after not catching anything. When Jack returned to camp, he finds Ralph in a state of grievance as well. Ralph shows his signs of frustration by frowning and ranting about how all the boys previously agreed to help build shelters, but Simon was the only one who put in the time and effort. The corruption is shown here as Jack and his team have failed to obtain meat and how the boys did not follow through with helping, and are instead, playing, or bathing in the ocean. With the lack of unity, and the buildup of dissatisfaction intensifying amongst their group, it is clear to understand how evil and wrongdoings are likely to occur. By chapter 8 of the novel, the boys hold an assembly where Simon attempts to explain that the boys themselves, or something inherent in human nature, could be the beast they fear. Jacks transition from good to evil also becomes apparent first. Although Simony’s theory was rejected, the conversation creates an interesting reaction from Jack. Jack combatively disputes Rally’s authority and says, â€Å"Bollocks to the rules! We’re strong- e hunt! (Gilding 91) and follows by leading a tribal dance with the boys. Gilding describes the boys’ reaction as immediately being full of â€Å"noise and excitement, scrambling, screaming and laughter. † (Gilding 91-92) This clearly shows the boys agreement and enthusiasm from being introduced by something other than remaining calm and civilized. Evil is becoming more apparent as the boys are slowly drifting away from an orderly civilization and becoming influenced by Jacks vicious sacraments. By chapter 8 of the novel, even those who seemed to resist Jacks influence become more and more corrupt. Ralph, the boy who wanted to maintain constant order, reacts differently to their next pig dance. Gilding includes his feelings as, â€Å"Ralph too was fighting to get near, to get a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering†. (Gilding 104) Evil is even portrayed through Ralph as he is mindfully expressing his desire to harm another living thing. Ralph evidently shows his loss of morals and transformation due to the other boys’ actions and malfeasance. As the dances continue, it is evident that they are becoming more atrocious and brutal. Evil is definitely portrayed through violence. Lastly, the boys display a clear act of evil by killing Simon for no apparent reason. In the moment of extreme chaos and excitement, the boys lost their self- control and beat Simon to death. What started out as a â€Å"game†, turned into mindless murder. It is also obvious to be classified as evil because no one in the moment attempted to stop it; they have been clearly brainwashed by their surroundings and have lost their original morals. The boys show a clear transition from good to evil by the corruption that occurred in the society. The boys being alone with no adults left them with a challenge of not only maintaining order in a civilization, but keeping their sanity as well. Through the examples of how they were eager to survive in the beginning, but them progressively losing sight of what’s right versus wrong, shows that man is born naturally born good, but turned evil by the corruption that takes place within society. It is conspicuously seen through the novel that the boys who were naturally good, transformed into evil beings due to their society. Through the criticism of certain symbols and characters, the theory is further proved. Gilding conveys many of his main ideas and themes through symbolic characters and objects. A common criticism of the conch has to do with what it actually symbolizes. An example includes, â€Å"At the beginning, the conch becomes a really powerful symbol for law, order and civilization. As the boys are slowly descending into savagery, the conch loses its influence among them. With Piggy’s death the conch gets also crushed, signifying that civilization has been abolished, because almost all the boys have turned savage. † (Titian L) She is supporting the theory by describing how powerful a symbol the conch was. In summary, the conch was declared a symbol of civilization and order; it was an item the boys obeyed as if it was a living being. Once the conch was destroyed, it symbolized how their civilization failed, how the boys became savages, and how all order was lost. Since the boys eventually disregarded Rally’s authority, Jack proved that he was of more importance and power. The criticism of Jacks character includes how he transformed from a motivator and role model for the boys, to an evil and malevolently-motives dictator. It has been said, â€Å"Jack soon challenges Rally’s authority; the boys who follow Jack hunt the island’s lid pigs for meat and for the thrill of the chase and the kill. † (Acidosis) In attempt by Jack to gain all control, he leads a hunt not only for pigs, but Just for the thrill. The fact that Jack has brainwashed almost all of the boys to killing Just for fun represents the idea that corruption in society turns man evil. Their continuous lack of order, and unity on the island allowed them to think that chaos and occasional malevolence was acceptable. Both symbolism and Jacks character represent the transformation from good to evil in one example. Further examination of Jacks character and the homeboys he portrays is seen when, â€Å"He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Hardwood) Jacks character is being described as being transformed completely; he is free from any shame and worry. The painted mask on his face represents the wildness that has taken over him. The mask represents the newfound savagery he and his followers are a part of. Jack used to be enthusiastic about hunting and working together for survival purposes, UT his evil character is shown when he becomes more infatuated with the fun of harming others and abusing power. Through observance of the criticisms above, it is simple to understand how Gilding included a progressive corruption in society using symbols, and characterization. Consequently, the theory that man is born good with evil that is eventually portrayed due to society, is proved prominent in the novel. The theory that man is born good with evil that results from corruption in society can be rationalized by the understanding of certain concepts. General understanding of days society and what is currently influencing it can give background knowledge of this belief. Through Jean-Jacques Rousseau claim, William Gildings novel, The Lord of the Flies, and deeper analysis and criticism, one can grasp this idea. Gilding and Rousseau both examine the idea of society being a strong influence with behavior. They both make similar comparisons that deal with the devil and evil in general. Rousseau straightforwardly said that society was the devil itself, while Gilding included a symbol of the devil through the beast in his allegoric novel. Both include owe there is a strong potential for transformation from good to evil and it is evident through the Jacks transformation and Rousseau philosophical reasoning. Gilding also carried symbols of high importance throughout the novel. The conch, for example, was the key to civilization. Once it was destroyed, it corresponded to how the boys did not succeed in unity. Through acknowledgment of Rousseau theory, Gildings purpose of depicting certain symbols and characters, and other supporting criticisms, it is evident to see that man is born pure and good until the depraved, rounding society begins to take hold and create a change for the worse. How to cite Lord of the flies research, Essays

Village Life in America free essay sample

The majority of the diary takes place well before the civil war begins, and it is fascinating to see what the daily life of a young girl was like. It begins when shes 10 years old, and ends when she turns 30. Much of the story revolves around her puritan grandparents and little sister who she lives with, and her school and church life. The descriptions of living through the four year war really opens your heart, and the people she meets throughout her life are often names you recognize from history books. Additionally, she is very opened minded, has many different attitudes, her diary was rare compared to letters or other diaries of this time period. I selected this book because its unique title caught my eye, ‘Village Life in America 1852-1872, as told in the diary of a schoolgirl. ’ I knew when I was choosing my book that I wanted my book to go over the Civil War or include the topic of the Civil War. We will write a custom essay sample on Village Life in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Diary did just that but it was on a personal level. The author continued her diary through the Civil War, and readers can see a change in the tone of Carolines entries as her diary documents home-front fund-raising efforts and the names of local boys who are killed in battle. The author appeals to Americans in general because of her family and her friends. The thesis of this diary is the main aspects of her life which is Church life, school life and everyday life. She expresses those three points powerfully and effectively throughout her entries. The reader is treated to a fascinating picture of rural life in the 19th century. She was very intelligent and perceptive young lady. She talks about her experiences with many people. Her entry on December 20, 1855 â€Å" Susan B. Anthony is in town and spoke in Bemis Hall this afternoon. She talked very plainly about our rights and how we ought to stand up for them. She asked us all to come up sign our names A whole lot of us went up and signed the paper. † Susan B. Anthony was a important American civil rights leader who played a strong role in the 19th century women’s rights movement to introduce women’s suffrage. This was very interesting to read. The reader got to picture Susan B. Antony presenting a speech as if they were there. Along with significant points in Caroline’s diary her entry on April 15, 1861 was extremely vital â€Å"The storm has broken upon us. The confederates fired on Fort Sumter President Lincoln has issued a call for 75,000 men and many are volunteering to go all around us. How strange and awful it seems. † She presents the reader with the beginning of the Civil War from a northerners point of view. She was seen to the reader as being very deep-hearted and loyal to the Northern states. Caroline who grew up in Canandaigua was intensely patriotic, and from day to day she kept a record of what she saw, felt, and heard. Her diary is an honest record of impressions of the stormy time in which the nation underwent a sea of fire. Overall, This Novel was flowing with strong views of a young women. Since it was a diary the weak points of this book, were the tedious entires of her everyday life. On the other hand, if she hadn’t wrote those unexciting entries it wouldn’t create a real feel or image of her life and her perspectives. The impression I was left with after reading this diary was the realism of this book. Carolina carried me through significant historical events that she experienced. I’ve read what she has felt, thought, and done. After finishing the diary, I felt like I had made and lost a friend. I would with out a doubt recommend this book to the right person. Meaning its was very interesting to me because she was a young women with determination, and experienced a lot of things I would have experienced if I lived in the 19th century. So I would recommend this book to a young women or a historian looking for a personal insight of events that happened through Civil war.

Answer 2 Questions Example

Answer 2 Questions Example Answer 2 Questions – Coursework Example Case Study: JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. Case Study: JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. The key or fundamental change that took place in the JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. was the culture of management. Before its new leadership, it is reported that the organization had a rigid and streamlined or formal form of leadership. However, with new leadership of Myron E. Ullman the chairman and the CEO, Allen Questrom, and Vanessa Castagna, the company witnessed dramatic changes in its leadership with informal but respectful communication among all employed. This nature of relationship among the workers of the company changes the mode of work by easing the working environment of all employees; thus, increasing their productivity (Purkayastha, 2007; Pg. 03). Additionally, according to Ullman, that rigid culture and mood was never conducive for the company to achieve its organizational plans and object; therefore, he found it necessary to change it. He also noted that such changes will run down the ladder to the interaction and relation to the customer (Purkayastha, 2007; Pg. 10); thus, increasing the productivity of the organization. During this period of effective cultural change in the JC Penny Corporation, Inc., Ullman and his team applied numerous Johnson and Scholes cultural web models in the organizational management (Cadle, Paul, and Turner, 2010; pg. 183). Among other Johnson and Scholes cultural web principles that they applied include the stories. This new leadership realized that stories told within and outside the organization regarding the organization are vital in the growth and development of the organization and they achieved this by changing the perception of the employee about the organization (Cadle, Paul, and Turner, 2010; pg. 195). Additionally, they applied the rituals and routines whereby they changed the daily actions and behaviors that employed were subjected; these added values to the management. ReferencesCADLE, J., PAUL, D., & TU RNER, P. (2010).  Business analysis techniques: 72 essential tools for success. London, British Computer Society.PURKAYASTHA D. (2007). ICMR Center for Management Research. Remaking JC Penney’s Organization Culture. Retirved December 2, 2013, from academia-research.com/filecache/instr/4/0/929816_407-057-1.pdf

How to Identify People by Name

How to Identify People by Name How to Identify People by Name How to Identify People by Name By Mark Nichol How does one introduce a person in narrative nonfiction? What is the style for subsequent references to that person? It all depends on the circumstances of the person and of the content. In biographical content, it is common to name someone on first reference by birth name, including middle name(s) and independent suffixes such as Sr. or III, but this formal version need not be used again, except in a rare circumstance I’ll mention below. Normally, however, the first and last name will suffice, unless a historical personage is generally identified otherwise, such as in the case of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. A biographical treatment, however, might begin with an anecdote from the subject’s youth or young adulthood, and this excerpt might identify the person at first and on second reference (this editorial term refers not just to the second instance but all subsequent mentions) with a diminutive for example, Bobby in place of Robert or a nickname. Then, once the anecdote is complete, the first reference to the main body of the text will formally identify the subject. And what about second reference? An intimate portrait, or a portion referring to the subject’s childhood, might use the first name alone or a diminutive or a nickname. In most cases, however, the subject’s surname will be employed. Exceptions are figures with extended surnames who are known simply by a single element of that surname, such as Spanish artist Pablo Diego Ruiz y Picasso, popularly known as Pablo Picasso or even just Picasso, and French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Pà ©rigord, known to history as Talleyrand. (These two men are among a small number of historical figures known simply by their last name, though their full names are generally used on first reference unless the person is not the primary subject of the text and is mentioned merely in passing: â€Å"Smith was no Picasso†; â€Å"Jones aspired to be the next Talleyrand.†) When else should a full name be used after the first reference? If the person is being discussed as a type, or the writer is referring to the subject being self-referential, the full name perhaps including middle name(s) and/or a suffix is often applied: â€Å"Jones suggested it to Smith. . . . John James Smith was not the kind of person to ignore a challenge like that.† What are the guidelines for when a person is mentioned occasionally? They can be only guidelines, rather than rules, because one must use one’s judgment depending on the length and organization of the content and on the frequency and placement of references to the person. For example, if a person is mentioned in only one chapter or at most a few sequential chapters of a book, the last name alone should suffice on second reference. But if a person not central to the narrative reappears after an interval of a section or a chapter or more, the full name should be used to reacquaint readers with this person. If the person is mentioned only a handful of times throughout a long report or a book, full identification might be best on each occasion. The writer must decide based on the person’s familiarity and the person’s significance to the narrative. (Another consideration is the presence of other people sharing that person’s surname.) Writers can also vary second reference by using personal pronouns and by judicious use of nicknames or epithets (for example, â€Å"the Wizard of Menlo Park,† for Thomas Edison). Other possibilities are occasional use of first and second initials, or even all initials, for those people popularly known by such appellations, such as JFK for John F. Kennedy. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Used To vs. Use ToHow often is "bimonthly"?

Domestic Terrorism Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Terrorism Final - Essay Example In addition, ethnic refugees such as Cuban and Puerto Rican, support local movements that support independence or regime change. One of the main attractions for foreign terrorists in the US is the ability to raise money. While this somewhat distorts the technical definition of 'domestic terrorist', it does indicate the level of cooperation, even when the goals are self-serving. According to Ehrenfeld and Lappen (2007), "A major funding source for terrorist and criminals is the trade in illegal drugs". It has been well publicized that "Islamic extremist organizations, primarily Hizballah, and, to a lesser extent, the Sunni extremist" groups have been cooperating with international terrorists in South America, such as FARC, to raise funds through the drug trade (Hudson, 2003, p.14). These drugs are then marketed through US groups, and according to John Sullivan of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, "organized crime groups in Los Angeles County are supporting international terrorists" (qtd. in Ehrenfeld and Lappen, 2007). 2.) The Internet has become a powerful tool because of its capability to communicate around the globe instantaneously. As with all other technology, it is not the technology that creates the problem. It is the user. Freedom of speech and the right to privacy hold conflicting roles when we examine private communication that incites violence. The public display of speech or information that incites or advocates violence or illegal activity is already illegal in the US (Finkleman, 2006, p.178). A web site that calls for the destruction of property or lives should be taken down by law enforcement and the perpetrators pursued. However, private communication should be considered as a separate issue. E-mails and private messages that travel across the Internet should be treated no differently than printed material. The US has a long tradition of constitutional guaranteed freedoms that included freedom of speech. Most intelligent people also understand that with this freedom comes a responsibility. We are not free to say anything, anywhere. However, private conversations are given extreme consideration, and electronic correspondence should be considered private conversation. I would object to the government intrusion. Though I have nothing to hide, there is the potential for government officials to use their authority to pursue or oppress their political opponents. There is the fear that the label 'terrorist' could be applied to well intentioned social movements, or people who plan to engage in the time honored protest of civil disobedience. Removing freedom of speech from private conversations is a step down a slippery slope that should not be taken. 3.) By definition, 'domestic terrorism' must involve a criminal act. According to the US criminal code Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113B, 2331 (5A), the activity must "involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State" (US Code Collection, n.d.). However, there is a significant difference between disturbing the peace by blocking the entrance to an abortion clinic and the burning of a business, such as the vandalism that did over $1 million damage to the U.S. Forestry Science Laboratory in Rhinelander, Wisconsin that was blamed on the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) (Terrorism 2000/2001, 2004). The difference is

Supervision & leadership skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supervision & leadership skills - Essay Example A) According to Charles Handy and his "motivation calculus theory", successful performance of any organization is based on "needs", "results" and "effectiveness" (Handy, 1993). The study of motivation calculus is concerned, basically, with why people behave in a certain way. Applied to Apple Corporation, motivation calculus can be described as the direction and persistence of action. The "needs' include individual characteristics, internal and external environment, and influences. It is concerned with why people choose a particular course of action in preference to others, and why they continue with a chosen action, often over a long period, and in the face of difficulties and problems. This type of communication provides additional channels of communication and provides a means of motivation, for example, through status, social interaction, variety in routine jobs, and informal methods of work. According to Handy, results imply the role of additional efforts and outcomes. In Apple, additional efforts help the company to increase revenue through continuous optimization of production. Handy relates motivation to 'psychological' rewards such as the opportunity to use employees' ability, a sense of challenge and achievement, receiving appreciation, positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and considerate manner. The main problem in Apple is that employees and Executives have a completely different vision of company's culture and climate. Nevertheless, new direction proposed by John Scutley was aimed to shift organization from transition period to stability (Gibbs, Beer, 1991). The effectiveness means that the results are achieved. In order to be effective Apple tries to be responsive to external environmental influences. Apple operates within a dynamic environment and it requires a structure and culture that are sensitive and readily adaptable to change. Culture is a major factor in the appropriateness of management's methods of motivation. In addition to arrangements for the carrying out of organisational processes, management has a responsibility for creating a climate in which people are motivated to work willingly and effectively (Handy, 1993). John Adair developed an action-centered leadership approach which states that the effectiveness of the leader is dependent upon meeting three areas of need within the work group. The need to achieve the common task, the need for team maintenance, and the individual needs of group members (Robbins, 2004). The needs create three overlapping circles. Sculley tells that "We are trying to understand what works on a small scale that can work on a large scale. Mostly we have not succeeded here yet" (Gibbs, Beer, 1991). So, without an explicit statement of strategy it becomes more difficult for expanding organisations to reconcile co-ordinated action with entrepreneurial effort. In Apple, a sense of belonging to the organization is very important. It is built upon the loyalty essential to successful industrial relations. When Apple was a relatively small company, the sense of belonging was created by managers through ensuring that the workforce is: informed, involved, sharing in success. Hotlinks discussion showed that there was a great necessity to implement a change in order to increase "revenue goals". When changes were introduced, many employees felt that they: "are in a transition now, because we have lots of new people. Thus there is a need to balance structure with flat organization and

OPV Cell Fabrication

OPV Cell Fabrication To fabricate the inverted OPV cells with the structure of ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag, the ITO was first coated onto a glass substrate. The ITO coated glass substrate was then cleaned by ultra-sonication in detergent solution, deionized water, acetone and isopropanol sequentially for 10 minutes each. After that, the pre-cleaned and pre-patterned ITO substrate was exposed to a UV-ozone treatment for 10 more minutes. A solution of ZnO was prepared for spin coating onto the ITO coated glass substrate. To prepare the solution, 0.15g of ethanolamine (NH2CH2CH2OH) and 0.6g of zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢2H2O] were dissolved in 5 mL of 2-methoxyethanol [CH3OCH2CH2OH] with continuous stirring for 24 hours. After that, 1mL of ammonia (NH3) was added to the solution and stirred for 2 more hours. To remove the inpurities, the solution would need to be filtered through a 0.25mm PVDF filter. With the technique of spin coating at 3500 rpm for 90 s, a ZnO film of about 40 nm would be coated onto the pre-cleaned ITO coated glass substrates. Mild washing would then be performed on the ZnO films with isopropyl alcohol and it was blown dry in air. In the next step, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are mixed in the proportion of 10 : 8. The mixture was then dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution and to be spin-coated to a thickness of approximately 200nm on the ZnO/ITO layer prepared. Annealing at 120 oC was then carried out to the film for 10 minutes. The hole transport layer of PEDOT:PSS was then spin-coated on the bulk layer of P3HT:PCBM from a commercial solution (Clevios) under the temperature of 120 oC for 10 minutes. In the last step, under a pressure of about 1 milliPascal, the silver electrode of a thickness about 100 nm was coated onto the PEDOT:PSS layer. The devices then needed to be annealed for 10 minutes at around 70 oC under a pressure of about 1 milliPascal. After that, the device was cooled down to room temperature. Using a source meter at AM1.5G illumination with a solar simulator, the photovoltaic characteristics of the cell were measured. The photocurrent measurements were done by using a source meter at AM1.5G illumination. This value of photocurrent was used to calibrate the illuminator for measurements later on. The area of the devices was 0.9 cm2. Intro of OPV, normal and inverted geometry In recent years, there has been great interest in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) due to various advantages over the conventional silicon solar cells. Some of the prominent advantages include low cost of manufacturing, light cell weight, high power conversion efficiency reaching 10% 1 and being environmentally friendly. The structure of the photoactive layer in these organic photovoltaic cells is usually an amalgamation between a fullerene derivative as an electron acceptor and a p-conjugated polymer as an electron donor. Among different materials, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) have attracted wide attention for being developed to bulk heterojunction [2]. This is because of their outstanding conductivity for both electrons and holes and good stability in atmospheric conditions [3]. Aside of these advantages, a major challenge in the study of OPV cells is to combine the high power conversion efficiency and operational stability. To tackle this problem, there are two device structure set forth, namely the conventional geometry and inverted geometry. For devices made according to the conventional geometry, as shown in Fig 1, the photoactive layer, which is usually a blend of the P3HT:PCBM, is lodged between two electrodes, such as an aluminum electrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Upon shining of light, the electrons and holes are photo-excited and then separated to be collected at the two electrodes. Electrons are gathered at the aluminum electrode and holes are collected at the ITO electrode. Devices with such geometry usually have relatively high power conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, the stability of such devices is compromised because these devices are easily affected by oxygen and humidity present in the atmosphere. This is due to the fact that the aluminum electrode has a low work function and it is much susceptible to oxidation [4]. Thus, the stability of devices made with the conventional geometry is restricted. However, the oxidation of aluminum electrode is not the only factor responsible for device degradation. Other factors such as: (1) charge carriers being accumulated at the interface between the photoactive layer and the electrode, (2) metal ions diffusing from the electrodes to the photoactive layer [5], (3) the photoactive layer being unstable and degrade in atmospheric conditions [6], (4) the morphology of the photoactive layer varies in the nanoscale [7]. One of the suggested ways to improve the stability of such OPV cells is to add a layer of encaps ulation to prevent the oxygen and moisture from entering the devices [8]. Nevertheless, the encapsulation cannot prevent the degradation reaction from happening within the OPV cells. Therefore, the intrinsic stability of devices needs to be improved. One achievable way is to use the inverted geometry with reversed charge collection. For OPV cells manufactured with the inverted geometry, as shown in Fig 2, the photoactive layer is middled between an electron transport layer (ETL) and a hole transport layer (HTL) which are in turn lodged between two electrodes, which are usually indium tin oxide electrode and a metal with high work function like silver. Upon photo excitation, the electrons generated will go through the ETL and be collected by the ITO electrode; the holes generated will go through the HTL and be gathered by the metal electrode [9]. The high work function of the metal electrode used makes the electrode unreactive to the oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere, thus, a higher stability of the OPV cells can be maintained in a relatively long time period. However, the power conversion efficiency of OPV cells with inverted geometry is generally lower than those OPV cells made with conventional geometry [10]. Info on ZnO Several materials are commonly used for constructing ETL, some examples are ZnO, LiF[11], and Ca [12]. Currenly, ZnO is most recognized as a good material for ETL because of its high electron mobility, high photo-stability, low work function and optical transparency [10]. Study done by Krebs et al. [2] has shown that inverted OPV cells with ETL made of ZnO exhibit an extended lifetime. In their study, I–V measurements were performed under illuminated conditions in both presence and absence of UV light. Their results showed that there is increased recombination when the oxygen molecules are desorbed from the surface of ZnO layer due to the photoelectrons when the cell is in operation. In the night time when the cell is not in operation, oxygen molecules are adsorbed onto the ZnO layer again from the atmosphere, thus restoring the OPV cells’ performance. This cycle of desorption and re-adsorption of oxygen molecules causes the inflection point in the I-V measurement to di sappear first and re-appear later. Other than the factors affecting the OPV cells in operation, manufacturing factors exert equally significant influence on the performance of OPV cells. One of such factors is the trap state. In the band gap of ZnO which is a metal oxide semiconductor with nanostructure, there is presence of localized energy states, which are also called trap states. These trap states make the charge transport in ZnO to be different from the bulk material and they exert adverse effect to the charge transport in ZnO [13]. The amount of such trap states increase exponentially from the top of the valence band to the bottom of the conduction band. According to previous research, different amount of trap states can even be present in the band gap of materials which are chemically identical. The different amount of trap states is a result of difference in crystallinity which means the perfectness of the crystal. High electron diffusivity and mobility is usually associated with materials which have higher crystallinity [14]. The crystallinity can be varied by undergone ZnO film through annealing process in different temperature, different density of trap states can thus be achieved. The devices which undergo annealing in higher temperature will have lower depth of trap states, thus consequently exhibiting a better photo-conversion efficiency and greater operational stability. Annealing effect on ZnO, FF, Voc Isc info To further illustrate the effect of annealing on the crystallinity of ZnO layer and consequently the effect on the OPV performance, a study was done by N. K. Elumalai et al.[1] with two devices which have their ZnO thin films annealed at two different temperatures after the ZnO film is coated onto the ITO substrate. As shown in Fig. 3, the current–voltage measurement was done under the illuminated condition of 1 sun for both device A and device B. Device A had its ZnO film annealed at 240 oC, whereas device B had its ZnO film annealed at 160 oC. In the current–voltage measurement, the value of the current when the voltage is zero is called the short circuit current (Isc). In the significance of an OPV cell, Isc is the amount of current going through the cell when the cell is short circuited, which means the voltage across the cell is zero. Hence, the Isc is the maximum current which can be possibly drawn from the OPV cell. The light conversion ability of the OPV cell has a direct influence on the value of Isc. Hence, Isc is useful in characterizing the OPV cell performance. The value of the voltage at the point when the current is zero is called the open circuit voltage (Voc). Voc is the maximum voltage which can be possibly drawn from the OPV cell. In theory, the Voc is dependent either on the work function of the electrodes used or the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the electron donor material and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LOMO) of the electron acceptor material in the OPV cell, depending on whether the contact is non-ohmic or ohmic. With the current–voltage measurement, the fill factor (FF) can be determined. Fill factor is the ratio of maximum power to the product of Voc and Isc. By going through every point on the (I–V) measurement curve, there is such a point with the current (Imax) and voltage (Vmax) values that maximize the fill factor value according to equation, Hence, the fill factor is determined. In addition, the power conversion efficiency (PCE), can be found from the current–voltage measurement. PCE is the ratio of the energy output from the OPV cell to the solar energy the cell received from illumination source. The energy output from the OPV cell is defined as Pcell, the solar energy the cell received is defined as Psun. The PCE can be calculated from the equations shown below. With reference to Fig. 3, it is obviously that device A has a better performance since it shows a higher short circuit current density and a higher open circuit voltage than device B does. With some simple calculation, the fill factor and the power conversion efficiency of both device A and device B can be determined and summarized in Table. 1. From the Isc, Voc and PCE, it is obvious that the device A is superior that device B in terms of photovoltaic performance. Hence, it proved that annealing of ZnO film changes the crystallinity of the nanostructure, reduced trap states density and consequently lead to better photovoltaic performance. In layer ZnO, Voc vs. T in detail examine To examine the effect of trap states of ZnO in more details, the concept of trap depth should be introduced. The trap depth, represented by the symbol , is the depth of the distribution of the trap states in the band gap of ZnO layer. An equation relating the trap depth and Isc is employed [15], as shown below. From this equation, it is obvious that the trap depth is related to the short circuit current which in turn is a function of temperature and illumination intensity. The pre-exponential term Io in the equation summarized factors such as mobility and density of the photo-excited carriers. Researches have been done by N. K. Elumalai et al.[1] to find the effects of different temperature and illumination intensity on the Isc. By a semi-log plot, it is easy to find the trap depth at different condition of temperature and illumination intensity. For this study, it is evident that the trap depth of device A is much lower than device B. This is in line with the theoretical prediction which says that the annealing at higher temperature make the nanostructure have a more perfect crystallinity and thus less trap states distribution. The operational stability of these inverted organic solar cells is influenced by the trap depth and variation of the open circuit voltage. Hence, the effect of temperature and illumination intensity on Voc should be noted. There is on such equation proven to be useful as shown below In this equation, the recombination is assumed to be Langevin type, Eg signifies the effective band gap, which is the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the electron donor material and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LOMO) of the electron acceptor material; the effective density of trap states is represented by Nc; p and n represent the hole density and electron density respectively; e and kB have their usual meaning of elementary electron charge and the Boltzmann constant [16]. From the equation above, when the temperature decreases, the Voc will approach more closely to the effective band gap. Nevertheless, this is only true under the condition that the contacts in the device are all ohmic. When contacts are all ohmic, the barriers for charge carriers are low at the interface. However, in the case which contacts are non-ohmic, charge carriers will stuck and accumulate at the interface due to the higher barrier present. Hence, the Voc will be determined by the difference in the work function of the two electrodes. In Fig 5, the effect of temperature and illumination intensity on the Voc is illustrated. In Fig 5 (a), the ZnO layer in the device is annealed at a higher temperature, the Voc decreases almost linearly when the temperature increases for different illumination intensity. This observation can be explained by an increase in the phonon scattering in the photoactive layer and the ZnO interlayer when the temperature increases. In Fig 5 (b), Voc remains relatively constant when temperature is below 180 K for various illumination intensities, but the linear decrease of Voc is observed again when the temperature increases above 180 K; this may be due to the fact that the resistivity of the ZnO layer decreases at lower temperature. By comparing the two figures, the difference in shape can only be associated to the difference of crystallinity which is a result of annealing at different temperature. Hence, it can be suggested that the Voc is affected by the trap states at low temperature. To va lidate this proposition, the plot of Voc in Fig 5 (a) can be extrapolated to a temperature of 0 K, it will yield a value of 0.8 to 0.9 V. Comparing to the work function difference of the two electrodes which is around 0.7 V, this open circuit voltage is much higher, and it is indeed determined by the effective band gap.

Despite Their Cultural Differences Essay

Despite Their Cultural Differences, Do Jeanette From ‘Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit’ & Celie From ‘The Colour Purple’ Both Share The Same Struggle?  The cultural differences of the two characters are numerous and the implications far reaching. The austere but comfortable working class security of ‘Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit’, contrasts greatly with the urban squalor of ‘The Colour Purple.’ Even though there is such a massive social divide the two women share many similar struggles. Both women are struggling against the imposition and enforcement of belief systems and intolerant judgements upon them. In Jeanette’s life her mother mainly imposes her controlling and stifling religious views upon her. She feels press – ganged to the extent that ‘I had been brought in to join her in a tag match against the Rest of the World.’ The entirety of Jeanette’s early life is a moulding process, where she is forced to endure the influence of ‘enemies’ including ‘The Devil (in his many forms), Next Door, Sex (in its many forms), and slugs.’ Celie’s initial struggle takes on a much more chilling and darker tone. Her perspective comes from her being made to accept the role of a victim. Her stepfather tears away her basic human rights as he abuses her, ‘He start to choke me, saying you better shut up and git used to it.’ It is a constant challenge to achieve the recognition by others that she has nothing in her present, miserable existence.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhy don’t you look decent? Put on something! But what I’m sposed to put on? I don’t have nothing.’ One challenge faced by Celie is how to access a decent education, and further her basic skills. As she is seen as little more than a servant, her family believes that there is little need for her to further herself and grow.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe first time I got big Pa, took me out of school, He never care that I love it.’ In the initial section of ‘Colour Purple,’ the writing skills of Celie are very poor and reflect the poor education she has received. The entire opening diary entries are littered with colloquialisms and miss spellings, ‘Left me to see after the others. He never have a kine word to say to me.’ This often leads to the impression that the words of Celie are coming from an intelligent mind that does not quite have the tools to express itself properly. Later on in the novel, influenced by reading her sister’s letters and her own determination to succeed, she develops a much more fluid and sharper style, ‘Even thought you had the trees with you, the whole Earth. The stars. But look at you. When Shug left, happiness desert.’ It is still not writing of an educated woman, but a woman who is beginning to analyse her situation. The struggle of Jeanette’s education is never one that is based on literary or language deficiencies. From a young age she is encouraged to have a firm grasp of The Bible. Jeanette’s initial keeping away from school limits her to her mother for a source of information. This leads to Jeanette having a bizarre view on the world from a young age.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMy favourite was Number 16, the Buzule of Carpathian.’  As Celie has been at the mercy of such extreme sexist views for the beginning of her life, and Jeanette at the mercy of religious ones, they both struggle not pass their misguided views on to others. When Celie is not successful in refraining from doing so, it has a profound impact upon Sofia. The insecurity and inadequacy of Celie forces her to offer advice to Harpo, which leads to domestic violence. Celie has become so use to ritualised violence that the promotion of it actually becomes a strange form of advice. Only the pathetic nature of her advice save s her friendship with Sofia. ‘She stood their a long time, like what I said took the wind out of her sails. She mad before sad now.’  Jeanette struggles not to pass on her misguided and often inappropriate religious views while at school. Her teachers are alarmed by religious maturity and obsessive views, ‘That’s not the point you have been talking about Hell to young minds.’ Her unintentional preaching of her mothers dogma scares the children, and marks her out for abuse, ‘And why, and this is perhaps more serious, do you terrorize, yes, terrorize the other children. This criticism eventually leads to the developing of awareness that she not teach her mother’s dogma.

History of the Atari Video System

In 1971, Nolan Bushnell together with Ted Dabney created the first arcade game. It was called Computer Space, based on Steve Russells earlier game of Spacewar!. The arcade game Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell (with help from Al Alcorn) a year later in 1972. Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney started Atari (a term from the Japanese game Go) that same year. Atari Sold to Warner Communications In 1975, Atari re-released Pong as a home video game and 150,000 units were sold. In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications for $28 million. The sale was no doubt aided by the success of Pong. By 1980, sales of Atari home video systems had reached $415 million. That same year, the first Atari personal computer was introduced. Nolan Bushnell was still employed as president of the company. Sold Again Despite the introduction of the new Atari computer, Warner had a reversal of fortune with Atari with losses totaling $533 million in 1983. In 1984, Warner Communications unloaded Atari to Jack Tramiel, ex-CEO of Commodore. Jack Tramiel released the somewhat successful Atari St home computer and sales topped $25 million in 1986. Nintendo Lawsuit In 1992, Atari lost an anti-trust lawsuit against Nintendo. That same year, Atari released the Jaguar video game system as competition to Nintendo. Jaguar was an impressive game system, however, it was twice as expensive as Nintendo. The Fall of Atari Atari was reaching the end of its legacy as a company. In 1994, Sega game systems invested $40 million in Atari in exchange for all patent rights. In 1996, the new Atari Interactive division failed to revive the company which was taken over by JTS, a maker of computer disk drives that same year. Two years later in 1998, JTS sold Atari assets as intellectual property scraps. All copyrights, trademarks, and patents were sold to Hasbro Interactive for $5 million.